Which of the following statements regarding a qualifying child is false?

a. The child must have been alive at least 180 days during the tax year.

b. The child must be a U.S. citizen or resident of the United States, Canada, or Mexico.

c. The child must not have provided more than 50% of his or her own financial support during the year.

d. The child must not have filed a joint return with a spouse unless the return was filed only as a refund claim.