A mother brings her 2-year-old son for the evaluation of frequent febrile urinary tract infections (UTIs); the infections have been present since birth. He has just finished a 10-day prescribed trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim) course, and he now has no problems. The mother thinks that the main reason for the frequent UTIs is because a boy is neither interested nor willing to use the toilet; he is almost always wet. Physical examination today is unremarkable. He is not circumcised. You ordered dipstick urine analysis and perform ultrasound that came back normal.
What will be your next step?
a. Refer the child to a pediatric urologist for further evaluation and management
b. Provide education to the mother on proper toilet training and encourage her to seek advice from a pediatrician on this matter
c. Discuss the option of circumcision with the parents and explain its potential benefits in reducing the risk of UTIs
d. Consider a referral to a pediatric nephrologist for a more thorough evaluation of the child's recurrent UTIs