How did the Crusades affect Jewish societies?
Select all that apply.

1. Christian groups passing through the Rhineland massacred hundreds (perhaps
thousands) of Jews on their way to Jerusalem.

2. Jews aligned with the Byzantine Empire and helped Eastern Orthodox Christians hold
off Muslim forces in Jerusalem during the Fifth Crusade.

3. Crusaders massacred Jews in France when Pope Eugenius Ill called for the Second
Crusade, led by French and German kings.

4. England entered the Crusades during the Third Crusade, and crusaders massacred
hundreds of Jews in Britain.