Ness, a broker, advises Ollie to invest in Penny Stock Inc. When the share price of Penny’s stock drops, Ollie accuses Ness of fraud, claiming reliance on the broker’s advice. The reliance that gives rise to liability for fraud requires a. an expectation of financial gain. b. a statement communicated to at least one person other than the plaintiff. c. puffery. d. a misrepresentation of a fact knowing that it is false.